喉癌

定义

喉癌 is the growth of 癌症 cells in the larynx. 的 larynx is also known as the voice box. It is a tube-shaped organ between the throat and 的气管. 它发出说话的声音.

喉

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原因

Cancer happens when cells divide without control or order. 的se cells grow together to form a tumor. 的y can invade and damage nearby tissues. 的y can also spread to other parts of the body.

It is not clear what causes changes in the cells. It is likely a combination of genes and environment.

风险因素

喉癌 is more common in men, and people over 55 years old. Other things that may raise the risk are:

• 吸烟
• 过度饮酒
• Family history of head and neck 癌症s
• Work exposure to certain air pollutants—such as wood dust, chemicals, and asbestos
• 胃食管反流 (GERD)
• 免疫系统弱
• Laryngeal dysplasia—changes to cells in the larynx

症状

喉癌可能导致:

• Lasting cough, hoarseness, or sore throat
• 肿块喉咙或颈部的肿块
• 吞咽困难
• Breathing problems or noisy breathing
• 持续的耳痛或耳胀
• 不劳而获的减肥
• 持久的口臭
• 咳血

诊断

的 doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. 一个物理 检查就完成了.

A sample of tissue may be taken and tested with a 活组织检查.

的 larynx and other structures are checked with imaging. 这可能包括:

• 喉镜检查
• x射线
• CT扫描
• 核磁共振成像扫描

Biopsy will confirm the diagnosis. 考试和测试结果会 用于分期. 这 will outline how far and fast the 癌症 has spread. 这 癌症分为0到4级. 的 higher the number, the more the 癌症 has spread.

治疗

的 goal is to remove the 癌症. 治疗 depends on the stage, 肿瘤的大小和部位. A combination of treatments may be used.

Surgery may be done to remove the 癌症, nearby tissue, and possibly lymph nodes. It 可能包括:

• Endoscopic surgery—的 癌症 is removed with a scope put down the throat. 这是 often done for early stage 癌症. Laser surgery to remove the 癌症 can also be 通过范围完成.
• 总计 喉头切除术-喉部和声带 被删除.
• Partial 喉头切除术—Part of the larynx is removed.
• 气管切开术-持久的或短期的 breathing hole is made in the neck.
• Neck dissection—的 lymph nodes and some neck muscle 被删除. 这就完成了 the doctor thinks 癌症 could have spread to the nodes.

化学治疗(化疗) are drugs given by pills, injections, or IV—to 杀死癌细胞. It also kills some healthy cells. 可以给出:

• 作为主要治疗方法
• After surgery—to kill any 癌症 cells that may have been left behind
• Before surgery—to shrink a large tumor so it is easier to remove
• For advanced 癌症—to 缓解症状 or treat 癌症s that cannot be removed

Radiation therapy is often given with chemo to 杀死癌细胞, shrink tumors, and 缓解症状.

Other treatments given by pills or IV 可能包括:

• Targeted therapy—drugs that are directed at the 癌症 cells
• Immunotherapy—drugs that help the body fight the 癌症

预防

的 risk of laryngeal 癌症 may be reduced by:

• 不吸烟
• Drinking alcohol in moderation
• Avoiding toxins linked to laryngeal 癌症
• 治疗胃食管反流病

参考文献

• 头颈癌. EBSCO DynaMed网站. 可以在: http://www.力学.com/condition/head-and-neck-癌症.
• 喉癌. Merck Manual Professional Version 网站. 可以在: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/laryngeal-癌症.
• Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal 癌症. 美国癌症协会 网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.org/癌症/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-癌症.html.
• Obid R, Redlich M，等. 的 treatment of laryngeal 癌症. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2019;31(1):1-11